MLA+Bibliography

How to write Bibliography and In-text citation/ Parenthetical citation in MLA style( Ed.7)



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6 Free Tools to easily cite resources for students and teachers []

**Bibliography: MLA Style**





Placement of the List of Works Cited
//** Formatting Notes:  **//


 * Use a “hanging indent” to show the beginning of a citation. In other words, the first line of the citation begins at the left margin.


 * Subsequent lines are indented ½ inch from the left margin.


 * Double-space all entries in the reference list for APA and MLA.


 * APA, MLA, and Turabian use italicized type to indicate titles of major works (book titles, journal titles, etc.).


 * **With its latest edition of the Handbook, MLA has dropped the requirement for including the URL for materials retrieved from** online.MLA’s current advice is to include the URL only if the source might be difficult to find again or if it is  required by a ** particular teacher or professor. **

Sample given below... === The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10, the works-cited list begins on page 11. The page number appears in the upper right-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the right margin (see fig. 12). Center the title, //Works Cited//, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines one-half inch from the left margin. This format is sometimes called //hanging indention//, and you can set your word processor to create it automatically for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to use. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. Continue the list on as many pages as necessary. === =**One author**= Author/title/place of publication/publisher/year of publication/medium LaRue, Fifi. My Fabulous Life: Parisian Flings and Other Things. Paris : LaPlume, 1992. Print.

**Two or More Works by the Same Authors** To cite two or more works by the same authors, give the names in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the names, type three hyphens, followed by a period and the title. The three hyphens stand for exactly the same names, in the same order, as in the preceding entry. Authors’ names whose order in the source work is different from that of the previously listed names should be listed in the same order as in the work and alphabetized appropriately.  Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, eds. //The Female Imagination and the Modernist Aesthetic//. New York: Gordon, 1986. Print.

Citing periodical Print Publication
Entries for publications in print periodicals consist of several elements in a prescribed sequence. This list shows most of the possible components of an entry for an article in a print periodical and the order in which they are normally arranged:
 * 1) Author’s name
 * 2) Title of the article (in quotation marks)
 * 3) Name of the periodical (italicized)
 * 4) Series number or name
 * 5) Volume number (for a scholarly journal)
 * 6) Issue number (if available, for a scholarly journal)
 * 7) Date of publication (for a scholarly journal, the year; for other periodicals, the day, month, and year, as available)
 * 8) Inclusive page numbers
 * 9) Medium of publication consulted (//Print//)
 * 10) Supplementary information

**Here is an example:**  Author’s name. “Title of the article.” Publication information.   Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” //PMLA// 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

Barthelme, Frederick. “Architecture.” //Kansas Quarterly// 13.3-4 (1981): 77-80. Print.

Brueggeman, Brenda Jo, and Debra A. Moddelmog. “Coming-Out Pedagogy: Risking Identity in Language and Literature Classrooms.” //Pedagogy// 2.3 (2002): 311-35. Print.

Hernández-Reguant, Ariana. “Copyrighting Che: Art and Authorship under Cuban Late Socialism.” //Public Culture// 16.1 (2004): 1-29. Print.

MLA Committee on the Status of Women in the Profession. “Women in the Profession, 2000.” //Profession// (2000): 191-217. Print.

Tibullus, Albius. “How to Be Tibullus.” Trans. David Wray. //Chicago Review// 48.4 (2002-03): 102-06. Print.

Williams, Linda. “Of Kisses and Ellipses: The Long Adolescence of American Movies.” //Critical Inquiry// 32.2 (2006): 288-340. Print.

An Article in a Newspaper
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">J** eromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor.” //New York Times// 13 July 2002, late ed.: B7+. Print. **


 * Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor.” //New York Times// 13 July 2002, New England ed.: A13+. Print. **

Sometimes a section is paginated separately and given a section number or letter, but the section designation is not part of the page numbers. In this case, put a comma after the date (or after the edition, if any) and add the abbreviation //sec.//, the appropriate letter or number, a colon, the page number or numbers, and the medium of publication.

Haughney, Christine. “Women Unafraid of Condo Commitment.” //New York Times//10 Dec. 2006, late ed., sec. 11: 1+. Print.

For sections paginated separately and designated only by title, not by number or letter, give the title before the abbreviation //sec.//

Dwyer, Jim. “Yeats Meets the Digital Age, Full of Passionate Intensity.” //New York Times// 20 July 2008, early ed., Arts and Leisure sec.: 1+. Print.

Newspaper articles are often not printed on consecutive pages—for example, an article might begin on page 1, then skip to page 16. For such articles, write only the first page number and a plus sign, leaving no intervening space: “6+,” “C3+.” The parenthetical reference in the text tells readers the exact page from which material was used. Here are additional examples from newspapers:


 * Alaton, Salem. “So, Did They Live Happily Ever After?” //Globe and Mail// [Toronto] 27 Dec. 1997: D1+. Print.**


 * McKay, Peter A. “Stocks Feel the Dollar’s Weight.” //Wall Street Journal// 4 Dec. 2006: C1+. Print.**


 * Perrier, Jean-Louis. “La vie artistique de Budapest perturbée par la loi du marché.” Le monde 26 Feb. 1997: 28. Print.**

An Article in a Magazine
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">To cite a magazine published every week or every two weeks, give the complete date (beginning with the day and abbreviating the month, except for May, June, and July; see [|7.2] ), followed by a colon, the inclusive page numbers of the article, and the medium of publication consulted. If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign, leaving no intervening space. Do not give the volume and issue numbers even if they are listed (see fig. 15).


 * McEvoy, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” //Publishers Weekly// 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.**


 * Weintraub, Arlene, and Laura Cohen. “A Thousand-Year Plan for Nuclear Waste.”//Business Week// 6 May 2002: 94-96. Print.**

To cite a magazine published every month or every two months, give the month or months and year. If the article is not printed on consecutive pages, write only the first page number and a plus sign, leaving no intervening space. Do not give the volume and issue numbers even if they are listed.


 * Kates, Robert W. “Population and Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know.” //Environment// Apr. 2000: 10-19. Print.**


 * Laskin, Sheldon H. “Jena: A Missed Opportunity for Healing.” Tikkun Nov.-Dec. 2007: 29+. Print.**


 * Wood, Jason. “Spellbound.” //Sight and Sound// Dec. 2005: 28-30. Print.**

5.6.1. Introduction
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In performing research on the World Wide Web, you may access bibliographic databases, academic journals, archives of print publications, critical editions, reference works, dissertations, and a wide variety of other documents and recordings. Citations of Web publications share some traits with those of print publications and other traits with those of reprinted works, broadcasts, and live performances. For example, most works on the Web have an author, a title, and publication information and are thus analogous to print publications. But while readers seeking a cited print publication can be reasonably assured that a copy in a local library will be identical to that consulted by the author, they can be less certain that a Web publication will be so. Electronic texts can be updated easily and at irregular intervals. They may also be distributed in multiple databases and accessed through a variety of interfaces displayed on different kinds of equipment. Multiple versions of any work may be available. In this sense, then, accessing a source on the Web is akin to commissioning a performance. Any version of a Web source is potentially different from any past or future version and must be considered unique. Scholars therefore need to record the date of access as well as the publication data when citing sources on the Web. Publications on the Web present special challenges for documentation. Because of the fluidity of the network and the many hypertextual links between works accessed there, it is often difficult to determine where one work stops and another begins. How, for example, does one define a Web site? One definition would consider all pages affiliated with a particular domain name, like www.mla.org, to constitute a site. Another view would consider all the pages organized by a particular editor or project team as a site, even if the project is housed under a larger body’s domain name or distributed over several domains; the //Victorian Women Writers Project//, for example, appears under Indiana University’s domain name (www.indiana.edu). Since both views have merit, the guidelines presented here do not take one side but instead offer a method to record the relation of works on the Web to the information hierarchies surrounding them. In the past, this handbook recommended including URLs of Web sources in works-cited-list entries. Inclusion of URLs has proved to have limited value, however, for they often change, can be specific to a subscriber or a session of use, and can be so long and complex that typing them into a browser is cumbersome and prone to transcription errors. Readers are now more likely to find resources on the Web by searching for titles and authors’ names than by typing URLs. You should include a URL as supplementary information only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it. If you present a URL, give it immediately following the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets, and conclude with a period. If a URL must be divided between two lines, break it only after the double slashes or a single slash; do not introduce a hyphen at the break or allow your word-processing program to do so. If possible, give the complete address, including //http//, for the specific work you are citing (see fig. 29).

Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. //The William Blake Archive//. Lib. of Cong., 28 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2007. <http://www.blakearchive.org/blake/>.



Introduction
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Most works on the Web are nonperiodical—not released on a regular schedule. This section begins by describing the basic entry for nonperiodical works on the Web. Web sites sponsored by newspapers and magazines are generally nonperiodical and documented as shown in [|5.6.2b]. Sometimes it is important to indicate that a work consulted on the Web also appeared in another medium. For example, you may want to give bibliographic data for a book that was scanned for viewing on the Web or the full description of a film that was digitized for viewing in your browser. This section concludes with guidelines for citing such works.

b. A Work Cited Only on the Web
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">An entry for a nonperiodical publication on the Web usually contains most of the following components, in sequence: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Each item is followed by a period except the publisher or sponsor, which is followed by a comma (see fig. 30). Untitled works may be identified by a genre label (e.g.,//Home page//, //Introduction//, //Online posting//), neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks, in the place where the title goes (see for additional guidance on the use of genre labels). If not otherwise recorded in the entry, the name of a creator of the overall Web site, such as its editor, may be listed following the title of the site (see the Yager example). If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available.
 * 1) Name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the work (for more than one authorfor a corporate author, for an anonymous work, )
 * 2) Title of the work (italicized if the work is independent; in roman type and quotation marks if the work is part of a larger work
 * 3) Title of the overall Web site (italicized), if distinct from item 2
 * 4) Version or edition used
 * 5) Publisher or sponsor of the site; if not available, use //N.p.//
 * 6) Date of publication (day, month, and year, as available); if nothing is available, use //n.d.//
 * 7) Medium of publication (//Web//)
 * 8) Date of access (day, month, and year)

Antin, David. Interview by Charles Bernstein. //Dalkey Archive Press//. Dalkey Archive P, n.d. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.

Committee on Scholarly Editions. “Guidelines for Editors of Scholarly Editions.”//Modern Language Association//. MLA, 25 Sept. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.

Concerto Palatino, perf. “ Canzon à 6 per l’Epistola .” By Giovanni Priuli. //Boston Early Music Festival and Exhibition//. Boston Early Music Festival, 2003. Web. 20 July 2007.


 * “de Kooning, Willem.” //Encyclopaedia Britannica Online//. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. //The William Blake Archive//. Lib. of Cong., 8 May 2008. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * García Landa, José Ángel, comp. //A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology//. 13th ed. U de Zaragoza, 2008. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” //The Atlantic.com//. Atlantic Monthly Group, Sept. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * “Hourly News Summary.” //National Public Radio//. Natl. Public Radio, 20 July 2007. Web. 20 July 2007.**


 * Lessig, Lawrence. “Free Debates: More Republicans Call on RNC.” //Lessig 2.0//. N.p., 4 May 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Liu, Alan, ed. Home page. //Voice of the Shuttle//. Dept. of English, U of California, Santa Barbara, n.d. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * “Maplewood, New Jersey.” Map. //Google Maps//. Google, 15 May 2008. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Quade, Alex. “Elite Team Rescues Troops behind Enemy Lines.” //CNN.com//. Cable News Network, 19 Mar. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Salda, Michael N., ed. //The Cinderella Project//. Vers. 1.2. U of Southern Mississippi, Oct. 2005. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * “The Scientists Speak.” Editorial. //New York Times//. New York Times, 20 Nov. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * “Six Charged in Alleged N.J. Terror Plot.” //WNBC.com//. WNBC, 8 May 2007. Web. 9 May 2007.**


 * Tyre, Peg. “Standardized Tests in College?” //Newsweek//. Newsweek, 16 Nov. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * “Utah Mine Rescue Funeral.” //CNN.com//. Cable News Network, 21 Aug. 2007. Web. 21 Aug. 2007.**


 * “Verb Tenses.” Chart. //The OWL at Purdue//. Purdue U Online Writing Lab, 2001. Web. 15 May 2008.**


 * Yager, Susan, narr. “The Former Age.” By Geoffrey Chaucer. //Chaucer Metapage//. Ed. Mark E. Allen et al. U of North Carolina, 13 Feb. 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2007.**



A Film or a Video Recording
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">An entry for a film usually begins with the title, italicized, and includes the director, the distributor, the year of release, and the medium consulted. You may include other data that seem pertinent—such as the names of the screenwriter, performers, and producer—between the title and the distributor. For films dubbed or subtitled in English, you may give the English title and follow it with the original title, italicized, in square brackets.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">**//It’s a Wonderful Life//. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946. Film.**


 * //Like Water for Chocolate// [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Lombardi, and Regina Torne. Miramax, 1993. Film.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">**If you are citing the contribution of a particular individual, begin with that person’s name.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">**Chaplin, Charles, dir. //Modern Times//. Perf. Chaplin and Paulette Goddard. United Artists, 1936. Film.**


 * Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, adapt. //A Room with a View//. By E. M. Forster. Dir. James Ivory. Prod. Ismail Merchant. Perf. Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-Lewis. Cinecom Intl., 1985. Film.**


 * Mifune, Toshiro, perf. //Rashomon//. Dir. Akira Kurosawa. Daiei, 1950. Film.**


 * Rota, Nino, composer. //Juliet of the Spirits// [Giulietta degli spiriti]. Dir. Federico Fellini. Perf. Giulietta Masina. Rizzoli, 1965. Film.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">**Cite a DVD (digital videodisc), videocassette, laser disc, slide program, or filmstrip as you would a film. Include the original release date when it is relevant.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">**//Alcohol Use and Its Medical Consequences: A Comprehensive Teaching Program for Biomedical Education//. Prod. Project Cork, Dartmouth Medical School. Milner-Fenwick, 1982. Slide program.**


 * Don Giovanni. By Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Dir. Joseph Losey. Perf. Ruggero Raimondi and Kiri Te Kanawa. Paris Opera Orch. and Chorus. Cond. Loren Maazel. 1979. Columbia, 2002. DVD.**


 * //It’s a Wonderful Life//. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. 1946. Republic, 2001. DVD.**


 * //Looking at Our Earth: A Visual Dictionary//. Natl. Geographic Educ. Services, 1992. Sound filmstrip.**


 * Mifune, Toshiro, perf. //Rashomon//. Dir. Akira Kurosawa. 1950. Home Vision, 2001. Videocassette.**


 * Noujaim, Jehane, dir. //Control Room//. Lions Gate, 2004. DVD.**


 * Renoir, Jean, dir. //Grand Illusion// [La grande illusion]. Perf. Jean Gabin and Erich von Stroheim. 1938. Voyager, 1987. Laser dis**

An Interview
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">For purposes of documentation, there are two kinds of interviews: those published or broadcast and those conducted by the researcher. Begin with the name of the person interviewed. If the interview is part of a publication, recording, or program, enclose the title of the interview, if any, in quotation marks; if the interview was published independently, italicize the title. If the interview is untitled, use the descriptive label //Interview//, neither italicized nor enclosed in quotation marks. The interviewer’s name may be added if known and pertinent to your paper (see the sample entries for Breslin and Wiesel). Conclude with the appropriate bibliographic information and the medium of publication.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">**Blanchett, Cate. “In Character with: Cate Blanchett.” //Notes on a Scandal//. Dir. Richard Eyre. Fox Searchlight, 2006. DVD.**


 * Breslin, Jimmy. Interview by Neal Conan. //Talk of the Nation//. Natl. Public Radio. WBUR, Boston. 26 Mar. 2002. Radio.**


 * Gordimer, Nadine. Interview. //New York Times// 10 Oct. 1991, late ed.: C25. Print.**


 * Lansbury, Angela. Interview. //Off-Camera: Conversations with the Makers of Prime-Time Television//. By Richard Levinson and William Link. New York: Plume-NAL, 1986. 72-86. Print.**


 * Wiesel, Elie. Interview by Ted Koppel. //Nightline//. ABC. WABC, New York. 18 Apr. 2002. Television.**


 * Wolfe, Tom. Interview. //The Wrong Stuff: American Architecture//. Dir. Tom Bettag. Carousel, 1983. Videocassette**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">**To cite an interview that you conducted, give the name of the person interviewed, the kind of interview (//Personal interview//, //Telephone interview//), and the date.**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">**Pei, I. M. Personal interview. 22 July 1993.**


 * Reed, Ishmael. Telephone interview. 10 Dec. 2007.**

Courtesy MLA handbook 7 edition